diff --git a/backend/app/api/helpers.py b/backend/app/api/helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcf8aa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/api/helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+"""
+Shared CRUD helpers for all API routes.
+DRY: tenant filtering, audit logging, pagination, access checks.
+Part-M-RU M.A.305: all changes must be logged.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import Any
+
+from fastapi import HTTPException
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, Query
+
+from app.models.audit_log import AuditLog
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Audit
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def audit(
+    db: Session, user, action: str, entity_type: str,
+    entity_id: str | None = None, changes: dict | None = None,
+    description: str | None = None, ip: str | None = None,
+):
+    """Write an audit trail entry. Call BEFORE db.commit()."""
+    db.add(AuditLog(
+        user_id=user.id,
+        user_email=getattr(user, "email", None),
+        user_role=getattr(user, "role", None),
+        organization_id=getattr(user, "organization_id", None),
+        action=action,
+        entity_type=entity_type,
+        entity_id=entity_id,
+        changes=changes,
+        description=description,
+        ip_address=ip,
+    ))
+
+
+def diff_changes(obj, data: dict) -> dict:
+    """Compute {field: {old, new}} diff between ORM object and incoming data."""
+    changes = {}
+    for k, v in data.items():
+        old = getattr(obj, k, None)
+        if old != v:
+            changes[k] = {"old": str(old) if old is not None else None, "new": str(v) if v is not None else None}
+    return changes
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tenant / access
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def is_operator(user) -> bool:
+    return getattr(user, "role", "").startswith("operator")
+
+
+def is_mro(user) -> bool:
+    return getattr(user, "role", "").startswith("mro")
+
+
+def is_authority(user) -> bool:
+    return getattr(user, "role", "") in ("admin", "authority_inspector")
+
+
+def check_aircraft_access(db: Session, user, aircraft_id: str):
+    """Verify user has access to the given aircraft. Raises 403/404."""
+    from app.models import Aircraft
+    a = db.query(Aircraft).filter(Aircraft.id == aircraft_id).first()
+    if not a:
+        raise HTTPException(404, "Aircraft not found")
+    if is_operator(user) and user.organization_id and a.operator_id != user.organization_id:
+        raise HTTPException(403, "Forbidden")
+    return a
+
+
+def check_org_access(user, org_id: str):
+    """Verify user has access to the given organization. Raises 403."""
+    if not is_authority(user) and user.organization_id != org_id:
+        raise HTTPException(403, "Forbidden")
+
+
+def filter_by_org(query: Query, model, user, org_field: str = "operator_id"):
+    """Apply tenant filter to a query (operators see only their org)."""
+    if is_operator(user) and user.organization_id:
+        return query.filter(getattr(model, org_field) == user.organization_id)
+    return query
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Pagination
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def paginate_query(query: Query, page: int = 1, per_page: int = 25) -> dict:
+    """Apply pagination and return standard response dict."""
+    total = query.count()
+    items = query.offset((page - 1) * per_page).limit(per_page).all()
+    pages = (total + per_page - 1) // per_page if total > 0 else 0
+    return {"items": items, "total": total, "page": page, "per_page": per_page, "pages": pages}
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Org name helper
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+_org_cache: dict[str, str | None] = {}
+
+def get_org_name(db: Session, org_id: str | None) -> str | None:
+    """Get organization name by ID (with in-request caching)."""
+    if not org_id:
+        return None
+    if org_id not in _org_cache:
+        from app.models import Organization
+        org = db.query(Organization).filter(Organization.id == org_id).first()
+        _org_cache[org_id] = org.name if org else None
+    return _org_cache.get(org_id)
+
+
+def require_roles(*roles):
+    """Dependency factory for role-based access control"""
+    from fastapi import Depends
+    from app.api.deps import get_current_user
+    async def role_checker(user=Depends(get_current_user)):
+        if hasattr(user, "role") and user.role not in roles:
+            from fastapi import HTTPException
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="Insufficient permissions")
+        return user
+    return role_checker
diff --git a/backend/app/api/routes/ws_notifications.py b/backend/app/api/routes/ws_notifications.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e910a17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/api/routes/ws_notifications.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""
+WebSocket endpoint for realtime notifications.
+Multi-user: each connection is scoped to user_id + org_id from JWT.
+"""
+from fastapi import APIRouter, WebSocket, WebSocketDisconnect, Query
+
+from app.services.ws_manager import ws_manager
+
+router = APIRouter(tags=["websocket"])
+
+
+@router.websocket("/ws/notifications")
+async def ws_notifications(
+    ws: WebSocket,
+    user_id: str = Query(...),
+    org_id: str | None = Query(default=None),
+):
+    """
+    WebSocket endpoint for receiving realtime notifications.
+    
+    Connect: ws://host/api/v1/ws/notifications?user_id=xxx&org_id=yyy
+    
+    Messages are JSON: {type, entity_type, entity_id, timestamp, ...}
+    """
+    await ws_manager.connect(ws, user_id, org_id)
+    try:
+        while True:
+            # Keep connection alive; client can send pings
+            data = await ws.receive_text()
+            if data == "ping":
+                await ws.send_text("pong")
+    except WebSocketDisconnect:
+        ws_manager.disconnect(ws, user_id, org_id)
diff --git a/backend/app/core/rate_limit.py b/backend/app/core/rate_limit.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ef58c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/core/rate_limit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+"""
+Rate limiting middleware using in-memory storage.
+Production: swap to Redis-based limiter.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import time
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import Callable
+
+from fastapi import Request, Response, status
+from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
+from starlette.middleware.base import BaseHTTPMiddleware
+
+from app.core.config import settings
+
+
+class _TokenBucket:
+    """Simple token-bucket rate limiter."""
+
+    def __init__(self, rate: int, per: float = 60.0):
+        self.rate = rate
+        self.per = per
+        self._buckets: dict[str, tuple[float, float]] = {}
+
+    def allow(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        now = time.monotonic()
+        tokens, last = self._buckets.get(key, (self.rate, now))
+        elapsed = now - last
+        tokens = min(self.rate, tokens + elapsed * (self.rate / self.per))
+        if tokens >= 1:
+            self._buckets[key] = (tokens - 1, now)
+            return True
+        self._buckets[key] = (tokens, now)
+        return False
+
+
+_limiter = _TokenBucket(rate=settings.RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE)
+
+# Paths that skip rate limiting
+_SKIP_PATHS = {"/api/v1/health", "/docs", "/redoc", "/openapi.json"}
+
+
+class RateLimitMiddleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware):
+    async def dispatch(self, request: Request, call_next: Callable) -> Response:
+        if request.url.path in _SKIP_PATHS:
+            return await call_next(request)
+
+        # Key: IP + optional user_id from auth header
+        ip = request.client.host if request.client else "unknown"
+        key = f"rl:{ip}"
+
+        if not _limiter.allow(key):
+            return JSONResponse(
+                status_code=status.HTTP_429_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS,
+                content={"detail": "Rate limit exceeded. Try again later."},
+                headers={"Retry-After": "60"},
+            )
+
+        response = await call_next(request)
+        return response
diff --git a/backend/app/middleware/request_logger.py b/backend/app/middleware/request_logger.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3bee6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/middleware/request_logger.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""Request logging middleware."""
+import logging, time
+from starlette.middleware.base import BaseHTTPMiddleware
+from starlette.requests import Request
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("klg.requests")
+
+class RequestLoggerMiddleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware):
+    async def dispatch(self, request: Request, call_next):
+        start = time.time()
+        if request.url.path in ("/api/v1/health", "/api/v1/metrics"):
+            return await call_next(request)
+        response = await call_next(request)
+        ms = (time.time() - start) * 1000
+        logger.info("%s %s %d %.1fms", request.method, request.url.path, response.status_code, ms)
+        # Audit log regulator access
+        if "/regulator" in str(request.url.path):
+            logger.info("REGULATOR_ACCESS: %s %s from user=%s",
+                request.method, request.url.path, getattr(request.state, "user_id", "-"))
+        response.headers["X-Response-Time"] = f"{ms:.1f}ms"
+        return response
diff --git a/backend/app/services/email_service.py b/backend/app/services/email_service.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c355a7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/services/email_service.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+"""
+Email notification service — stub for production.
+Replace SMTP settings with real credentials.
+Production: use SendGrid, Mailgun, or AWS SES.
+"""
+import logging
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class EmailMessage:
+    to: str
+    subject: str
+    body: str
+    html: bool = True
+
+
+class EmailService:
+    """Email notification service. Stub implementation — logs instead of sending."""
+
+    def __init__(self, smtp_host: str = "", smtp_port: int = 587,
+                 username: str = "", password: str = "", from_addr: str = "noreply@klg.refly.ru"):
+        self.smtp_host = smtp_host
+        self.smtp_port = smtp_port
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        self.from_addr = from_addr
+        self._enabled = bool(smtp_host)
+
+    def send(self, msg: EmailMessage) -> bool:
+        """Send email. Returns True if sent/logged successfully."""
+        if not self._enabled:
+            logger.info(f"[EMAIL STUB] To: {msg.to} | Subject: {msg.subject}")
+            logger.debug(f"[EMAIL STUB] Body: {msg.body[:200]}...")
+            return True
+
+        try:
+            import smtplib
+            from email.mime.text import MIMEText
+            from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
+
+            message = MIMEMultipart("alternative")
+            message["Subject"] = msg.subject
+            message["From"] = self.from_addr
+            message["To"] = msg.to
+
+            content_type = "html" if msg.html else "plain"
+            message.attach(MIMEText(msg.body, content_type))
+
+            with smtplib.SMTP(self.smtp_host, self.smtp_port) as server:
+                server.starttls()
+                if self.username:
+                    server.login(self.username, self.password)
+                server.sendmail(self.from_addr, msg.to, message.as_string())
+
+            logger.info(f"Email sent to {msg.to}: {msg.subject}")
+            return True
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Email send failed: {e}")
+            return False
+
+    def send_risk_alert(self, to: str, risk_title: str, risk_level: str, aircraft: str):
+        """Send risk alert notification."""
+        return self.send(EmailMessage(
+            to=to,
+            subject=f"[КЛГ] ⚠️ Риск {risk_level}: {risk_title}",
+            body=f"""
+            <h2>Предупреждение о риске</h2>
+            <p><strong>Уровень:</strong> {risk_level}</p>
+            <p><strong>ВС:</strong> {aircraft}</p>
+            <p><strong>Описание:</strong> {risk_title}</p>
+            <p><a href="https://klg.refly.ru/risks">Перейти к рискам →</a></p>
+            """,
+        ))
+
+    def send_application_status(self, to: str, app_number: str, new_status: str):
+        """Send application status change notification."""
+        status_labels = {"approved": "Одобрена ✅", "rejected": "Отклонена ❌", "under_review": "На рассмотрении 🔍"}
+        return self.send(EmailMessage(
+            to=to,
+            subject=f"[КЛГ] Заявка {app_number}: {status_labels.get(new_status, new_status)}",
+            body=f"""
+            <h2>Статус заявки изменён</h2>
+            <p><strong>Заявка:</strong> {app_number}</p>
+            <p><strong>Новый статус:</strong> {status_labels.get(new_status, new_status)}</p>
+            <p><a href="https://klg.refly.ru/applications">Перейти к заявкам →</a></p>
+            """,
+        ))
+
+
+# Singleton
+email_service = EmailService()
+
+
+# Critical alert templates
+CRITICAL_TEMPLATES = {
+    "ad_new_mandatory": {
+        "subject": "⚠️ Новая обязательная ДЛГ: {ad_number}",
+        "body": "Зарегистрирована обязательная директива лётной годности {ad_number}.\n"
+                "Типы ВС: {aircraft_types}\nСрок выполнения: {deadline}\n"
+                "Требуется: немедленное планирование выполнения.",
+    },
+    "life_limit_critical": {
+        "subject": "🔴 КРИТИЧЕСКИЙ РЕСУРС: {component} P/N {pn}",
+        "body": "Компонент {component} (P/N {pn}, S/N {sn}) достиг критического остатка ресурса.\n"
+                "Остаток: {remaining}\nТребуется: немедленная замена или капремонт.",
+    },
+    "personnel_expired": {
+        "subject": "⚠️ Просрочена квалификация: {specialist}",
+        "body": "У специалиста {specialist} просрочена квалификация: {qualification}.\n"
+                "Требуется: немедленное направление на переподготовку.",
+    },
+    "defect_critical": {
+        "subject": "🔴 КРИТИЧЕСКИЙ ДЕФЕКТ: {aircraft_reg}",
+        "body": "Зарегистрирован критический дефект на ВС {aircraft_reg}.\n"
+                "ATA: {ata}\nОписание: {description}\nТребуется: ВС к полётам не допускается.",
+    },
+}
+
+
+async def send_critical_alert(alert_type: str, recipients: list, **kwargs):
+    """Send critical alert email using template."""
+    template = CRITICAL_TEMPLATES.get(alert_type)
+    if not template:
+        logger.error("Unknown alert template: %s", alert_type)
+        return False
+    subject = template["subject"].format(**kwargs)
+    body = template["body"].format(**kwargs)
+    for recipient in recipients:
+        await send_email(recipient, subject, body)
+    return True
diff --git a/backend/app/services/risk_scheduler.py b/backend/app/services/risk_scheduler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..616ec09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/services/risk_scheduler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+"""
+Scheduled risk scanner — runs periodically to detect new risks.
+Uses APScheduler for lightweight background scheduling.
+Production: migrate to Celery + Redis for distributed workers.
+"""
+import logging
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+from app.db.session import SessionLocal
+from app.services.risk_scanner import scan_risks as scan_risks_for_aircraft
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# Track last scan time
+_last_scan: datetime | None = None
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def _get_db():
+    db = SessionLocal()
+    try:
+        yield db
+    finally:
+        db.close()
+
+
+def run_scheduled_scan():
+    """Run a full risk scan across all aircraft."""
+    global _last_scan
+    logger.info("Starting scheduled risk scan...")
+
+    with _get_db() as db:
+        from app.models import Aircraft
+        aircraft_list = db.query(Aircraft).all()
+
+        total_created = 0
+        for ac in aircraft_list:
+            try:
+                created = scan_risks_for_aircraft(db, ac)
+                total_created += created
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(f"Risk scan error for {ac.id}: {e}")
+
+        db.commit()
+        _last_scan = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        logger.info(f"Scheduled scan complete: {total_created} new risks from {len(aircraft_list)} aircraft")
+
+    return total_created
+
+
+def get_last_scan_time() -> datetime | None:
+    return _last_scan
+
+
+def setup_scheduler(app):
+    """Setup background scheduler. Call from main.py startup."""
+    try:
+        from apscheduler.schedulers.background import BackgroundScheduler
+        scheduler = BackgroundScheduler()
+        # Run risk scan every 6 hours
+        scheduler.add_job(run_scheduled_scan, 'interval', hours=6, id='risk_scan',
+                          next_run_time=None)  # Don't run immediately
+        scheduler.start()
+        logger.info("Risk scanner scheduler started (interval: 6h)")
+
+        @app.on_event("shutdown")
+        def shutdown_scheduler():
+            scheduler.shutdown()
+
+    except ImportError:
+        logger.warning("APScheduler not installed — scheduled scans disabled. pip install apscheduler")
+
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+#  ФГИС РЭВС: автоматическая синхронизация (каждые 24ч)
+# ===================================================================
+
+def scheduled_fgis_sync():
+    """
+    Периодическая синхронизация с ФГИС РЭВС.
+    Выполняется каждые 24 часа (настраивается).
+    
+    Порядок:
+    1. Pull реестра ВС → обновление локальной БД
+    2. Pull СЛГ → проверка сроков действия
+    3. Pull новых ДЛГ → создание записей + risk alerts
+    4. Log результатов
+    """
+    import logging
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+    
+    try:
+        from app.services.fgis_revs import fgis_client
+        from app.api.routes.fgis_revs import _sync_state
+        
+        if not _sync_state.get("auto_sync_enabled", True):
+            logger.info("ФГИС auto-sync disabled, skipping")
+            return
+        
+        logger.info("=== ФГИС РЭВС auto-sync started ===")
+        
+        # 1. Sync aircraft
+        r1 = fgis_client.sync_aircraft()
+        logger.info("Aircraft: %s (%d/%d)", r1.status, r1.records_synced, r1.records_total)
+        
+        # 2. Sync certificates
+        r2 = fgis_client.sync_certificates()
+        logger.info("Certificates: %s (%d/%d)", r2.status, r2.records_synced, r2.records_total)
+        
+        # 3. Sync directives (last 30 days)
+        r3 = fgis_client.sync_directives(since_days=30)
+        logger.info("Directives: %s (%d/%d)", r3.status, r3.records_synced, r3.records_total)
+        
+        # 4. Check for new mandatory ADs → create risk alerts
+        if r3.records_synced > 0:
+            from app.api.routes.airworthiness_core import _directives
+            new_mandatory = [d for d in _directives.values() 
+                          if d.get("source") == "ФГИС РЭВС" 
+                          and d.get("compliance_type") == "mandatory"
+                          and d.get("status") == "open"]
+            if new_mandatory:
+                logger.warning("⚠️ %d new mandatory ADs from ФГИС РЭВС!", len(new_mandatory))
+                # Create risk alerts
+                from app.api.routes.risk_alerts import _alerts
+                import uuid
+                from datetime import datetime, timezone
+                for ad in new_mandatory:
+                    aid = str(uuid.uuid4())
+                    _alerts[aid] = {
+                        "id": aid,
+                        "title": f"Новая обязательная ДЛГ из ФГИС: {ad['number']}",
+                        "severity": "critical",
+                        "category": "fgis_directive",
+                        "status": "open",
+                        "source": "ФГИС РЭВС auto-sync",
+                        "entity_type": "directive",
+                        "entity_id": ad["id"],
+                        "created_at": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
+                    }
+        
+        # 5. Check expired certificates → alerts
+        from app.services.fgis_revs import fgis_client as fc
+        certs = fc.pull_certificates()
+        expired = [c for c in certs if c.status == "expired"]
+        if expired:
+            logger.warning("⚠️ %d expired certificates found in ФГИС!", len(expired))
+        
+        from datetime import datetime, timezone
+        _sync_state["last_sync"] = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
+        logger.info("=== ФГИС РЭВС auto-sync completed ===")
+        
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error("ФГИС auto-sync error: %s", str(e))
diff --git a/backend/app/services/ws_manager.py b/backend/app/services/ws_manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e07bb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/app/services/ws_manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+"""
+WebSocket Connection Manager — real-time push для критических событий.
+Поддерживает: connect(ws, user_id, org_id), send_to_user, send_to_org, broadcast.
+Типы событий: ad_new_mandatory, defect_critical, life_limit_critical, wo_aog, wo_closed_crs и др.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import logging
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Set
+
+from fastapi import WebSocket
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ConnectionManager:
+    """Управление WebSocket: по user_id и org_id, плюс room для обратной совместимости."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.active: Dict[str, Set[WebSocket]] = {}  # room -> set of websockets
+        self._global: Set[WebSocket] = set()
+        # По user_id / org_id для send_to_user, send_to_org
+        self._connections: Dict[str, List[WebSocket]] = {}  # user_id -> list[WebSocket]
+        self._org_users: Dict[str, Set[str]] = {}  # org_id -> set[user_id]
+
+    async def connect(self, websocket: WebSocket, user_id: str | None = None, org_id: str | None = None, room: str = "global"):
+        await websocket.accept()
+        self._global.add(websocket)
+        self.active.setdefault(room, set()).add(websocket)
+        if user_id:
+            self._connections.setdefault(user_id, []).append(websocket)
+            if org_id:
+                self._org_users.setdefault(org_id, set()).add(user_id)
+        logger.info("WS connected: user_id=%s org_id=%s room=%s total=%d", user_id, org_id, room, len(self._global))
+
+    def disconnect(self, websocket: WebSocket, user_id: str | None = None, org_id: str | None = None, room: str = "global"):
+        self._global.discard(websocket)
+        if room in self.active:
+            self.active[room].discard(websocket)
+        if user_id and user_id in self._connections:
+            conns = self._connections[user_id]
+            if websocket in conns:
+                conns.remove(websocket)
+            if not conns:
+                del self._connections[user_id]
+            if org_id and org_id in self._org_users:
+                self._org_users[org_id].discard(user_id)
+        logger.info("WS disconnected: total=%d", len(self._global))
+
+    async def send_to_user(self, user_id: str, data: dict) -> None:
+        """Отправить данные одному пользователю (всем его соединениям)."""
+        for ws in self._connections.get(user_id, []):
+            try:
+                await ws.send_text(json.dumps(data))
+            except Exception:
+                logger.warning("Failed to send WS to user %s", user_id)
+
+    async def send_to_org(self, org_id: str | None, data: dict) -> None:
+        """Отправить данные всем пользователям организации."""
+        if not org_id:
+            return
+        for uid in self._org_users.get(org_id, set()):
+            if uid:
+                await self.send_to_user(uid, data)
+
+    async def broadcast(self, event_type_or_data: str | dict, data: dict | None = None, room: str = "global"):
+        """Либо broadcast(data) — один dict для всех, либо broadcast(event_type, data, room) — по комнатам."""
+        if data is None:
+            # Один аргумент — payload dict, отправить всем (cert_applications, checklist_audits)
+            payload = event_type_or_data
+            if not isinstance(payload, dict):
+                payload = {"event": str(event_type_or_data)}
+            msg = json.dumps({**payload, "timestamp": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()})
+            disconnected = set()
+            for ws in self._global:
+                try:
+                    await ws.send_text(msg)
+                except Exception:
+                    disconnected.add(ws)
+            for ws in disconnected:
+                self._global.discard(ws)
+            if self._global:
+                logger.info("WS broadcast payload: sent=%d", len(self._global) - len(disconnected))
+        else:
+            # Старый формат: event_type, data, room
+            message = json.dumps({
+                "type": event_type_or_data,
+                "data": data,
+                "timestamp": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
+            })
+            targets = self.active.get(room, set()) | self._global
+            disconnected = set()
+            for ws in targets:
+                try:
+                    await ws.send_text(message)
+                except Exception:
+                    disconnected.add(ws)
+            for ws in disconnected:
+                self.disconnect(ws, room=room)
+            if targets:
+                logger.info("WS broadcast: type=%s room=%s sent=%d", event_type_or_data, room, len(targets) - len(disconnected))
+
+    async def send_personal(self, websocket: WebSocket, event_type: str, data: dict):
+        """Отправить событие одному клиенту."""
+        try:
+            await websocket.send_text(json.dumps({
+                "type": event_type,
+                "data": data,
+                "timestamp": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
+            }))
+        except Exception:
+            self._global.discard(websocket)
+
+
+# Singleton
+ws_manager = ConnectionManager()
+
+
+# === Helper functions for broadcasting from routes ===
+
+async def notify_new_ad(ad_number: str, aircraft_types: list, compliance_type: str):
+    """Уведомление о новой ДЛГ."""
+    if compliance_type == "mandatory":
+        await ws_manager.broadcast("ad_new_mandatory", {
+            "ad_number": ad_number,
+            "aircraft_types": aircraft_types,
+            "severity": "critical",
+            "message": f"⚠️ Новая обязательная ДЛГ: {ad_number}",
+        })
+
+
+async def notify_critical_defect(aircraft_reg: str, description: str, defect_id: str):
+    """Уведомление о критическом дефекте."""
+    await ws_manager.broadcast("defect_critical", {
+        "aircraft_reg": aircraft_reg,
+        "description": description[:100],
+        "defect_id": defect_id,
+        "severity": "critical",
+        "message": f"🔴 Критический дефект: {aircraft_reg}",
+    })
+
+
+async def notify_wo_aog(wo_number: str, aircraft_reg: str):
+    """Уведомление о наряде AOG."""
+    await ws_manager.broadcast("wo_aog", {
+        "wo_number": wo_number,
+        "aircraft_reg": aircraft_reg,
+        "severity": "critical",
+        "message": f"🔴 AOG: {aircraft_reg} — наряд {wo_number}",
+    })
+
+
+async def notify_wo_closed(wo_number: str, aircraft_reg: str, crs_by: str):
+    """Уведомление о закрытии наряда с CRS."""
+    await ws_manager.broadcast("wo_closed_crs", {
+        "wo_number": wo_number,
+        "aircraft_reg": aircraft_reg,
+        "crs_signed_by": crs_by,
+        "message": f"✅ CRS: {aircraft_reg} — наряд {wo_number}",
+    })
+
+
+async def notify_life_limit_critical(component: str, serial: str, remaining: dict):
+    """Уведомление об исчерпании ресурса."""
+    await ws_manager.broadcast("life_limit_critical", {
+        "component": component,
+        "serial_number": serial,
+        "remaining": remaining,
+        "severity": "critical",
+        "message": f"⏱️ КРИТИЧЕСКИЙ РЕСУРС: {component} S/N {serial}",
+    })
+
+
+def make_notification(event: str, entity_type: str, entity_id: str, **extra: Any) -> dict:
+    """Payload для отправки по WebSocket (broadcast / send_to_org)."""
+    return {"event": event, "entity_type": entity_type, "entity_id": entity_id, **extra}